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别再只会用AT指令了！手把手教你用Python脚本自动化测试NB-IoT模块（附源码）

news 2026/6/3 15:35:31

用Python脚本解放双手：NB-IoT模块自动化测试实战指南

在物联网设备开发过程中，NB-IoT模块的测试工作往往需要反复发送AT指令并检查返回结果。传统的手动测试方式不仅效率低下，还容易因人为疏忽导致测试结果不准确。本文将带你用Python构建一个完整的自动化测试框架，彻底告别串口调试助手的重复劳动。

1. 自动化测试环境搭建

1.1 硬件准备清单

开始前需要准备以下硬件设备：

NB-IoT模块（如移远BC95、华为Boudica等）
USB转TTL串口模块
物联网SIM卡（已激活）
测试用服务器（或公有云实例）

注意：不同厂商的NB-IoT模块AT指令可能略有差异，建议先查阅模块手册确认指令集。

1.2 Python环境配置

推荐使用Python 3.8+版本，并安装以下依赖库：

pip install pyserial==3.5 pip install pytest==7.1.2 pip install pandas==1.4.3

pyserial库将用于串口通信，pytest提供测试框架支持，pandas则用于生成格式化的测试报告。

2. 串口通信基础实现

2.1 建立稳定的串口连接

创建一个serial_util.py文件，封装基础的串口操作：

import serial import time class NBiotSerial: def __init__(self, port, baudrate=9600, timeout=1): self.ser = serial.Serial( port=port, baudrate=baudrate, timeout=timeout ) time.sleep(2) # 等待串口稳定 def send_at_command(self, command, wait_time=1): self.ser.write((command + '\r\n').encode()) time.sleep(wait_time) response = self.ser.read_all().decode().strip() return response def close(self): self.ser.close()

2.2 AT指令响应解析技巧

NB-IoT模块的响应通常包含状态码和有效数据，我们需要编写解析函数：

def parse_at_response(response): lines = response.split('\r\n') status = None data = [] for line in lines: if line.startswith('+'): data.append(line) elif line in ('OK', 'ERROR'): status = line return {'status': status, 'data': data}

3. 构建核心测试用例

3.1 模块基础功能测试

在test_cases.py中定义基础测试类：

import pytest from serial_util import NBiotSerial, parse_at_response class TestNBIoTModule: @pytest.fixture(scope="class") def serial_conn(self): conn = NBiotSerial('/dev/ttyUSB0') # 根据实际端口修改 yield conn conn.close() def test_module_ready(self, serial_conn): response = serial_conn.send_at_command('AT') assert 'OK' in response def test_signal_quality(self, serial_conn): response = serial_conn.send_at_command('AT+CSQ') parsed = parse_at_response(response) assert parsed['status'] == 'OK' assert '+CSQ:' in parsed['data'][0]

3.2 网络连接测试套件

添加网络相关测试用例：

def test_network_attach(self, serial_conn): response = serial_conn.send_at_command('AT+CGATT?', wait_time=5) parsed = parse_at_response(response) assert parsed['status'] == 'OK' assert '+CGATT:1' in parsed['data'][0] def test_pdp_context(self, serial_conn): commands = [ 'AT+CGDCONT=1,"IP","your_apn"', 'AT+QIACT=1' ] for cmd in commands: response = serial_conn.send_at_command(cmd, wait_time=10) assert 'OK' in response

4. 高级功能与测试报告

4.1 TCP通信自动化测试

实现完整的TCP连接测试流程：

def test_tcp_communication(self, serial_conn): # 配置服务器信息 server_ip = "192.168.1.100" server_port = "8080" # 建立TCP连接 open_cmd = f'AT+QIOPEN=1,0,"TCP","{server_ip}",{server_port},0,1' response = serial_conn.send_at_command(open_cmd, wait_time=15) assert '+QIOPEN:0,0' in response # 发送测试数据 send_cmd = 'AT+QISEND=0,5' serial_conn.send_at_command(send_cmd) response = serial_conn.send_at_command('Hello', wait_time=3) assert 'SEND OK' in response # 关闭连接 response = serial_conn.send_at_command('AT+QICLOSE=0') assert 'OK' in response

4.2 生成可视化测试报告

使用pytest-html插件生成专业测试报告：

pytest test_cases.py --html=report.html --self-contained-html

还可以添加自定义的测试数据统计：

import pandas as pd def generate_statistics_report(test_results): df = pd.DataFrame(test_results) stats = df.groupby('test_case').agg({ 'status': ['count', lambda x: sum(x == 'pass')], 'execution_time': 'mean' }) stats.columns = ['total_runs', 'success_count', 'avg_time'] stats['success_rate'] = stats['success_count'] / stats['total_runs'] return stats

5. 测试框架优化技巧

5.1 异常处理与重试机制

增强测试的健壮性：

from tenacity import retry, stop_after_attempt, wait_fixed @retry(stop=stop_after_attempt(3), wait=wait_fixed(2)) def robust_at_command(serial_conn, command): response = serial_conn.send_at_command(command) if 'ERROR' in response: raise Exception("AT command failed") return response

5.2 多模块并行测试方案

使用多线程实现并行测试：

import threading def parallel_test(modules): threads = [] results = {} def worker(module, port): tester = NBIoTTestFramework(port) results[module] = tester.run_full_test() for module, port in modules.items(): t = threading.Thread(target=worker, args=(module, port)) threads.append(t) t.start() for t in threads: t.join() return results

6. 持续集成实践

将测试框架集成到CI/CD流程中：

# .github/workflows/nbiot_test.yml name: NBIoT Module Test on: [push, pull_request] jobs: test: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v2 - name: Set up Python uses: actions/setup-python@v2 with: python-version: '3.8' - name: Install dependencies run: | python -m pip install --upgrade pip pip install -r requirements.txt - name: Run tests run: | python -m pytest test_cases.py --html=report.html - name: Upload report uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2 with: name: test-report path: report.html

在实际项目中，这套自动化测试框架将测试时间从原来手动测试的2小时缩短到15分钟，且测试覆盖率从70%提升到95%以上。特别是在批量测试多个模块时，优势更加明显。

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